Abstract: The spatial distribution characteristics and key factor identificatoin of the biomass energy power generation industry serve as a crucial foundation for optimizing regional energy structures and promoting the large-scale renewable energy deployment. Based on the spatial distribution layouts and registered capital data of national biomass energy power generation enterprises from 2000 to 2020, this study analyzed the spatial agglomeration patterns of the biomass energy power generation industry and identified the key factors influencing its spatiotemporal layout national wide based on the most nearest index, kernel density analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and geographic detector. The results show:(1) The biomass energy power generation industry presents a spatial pattern of "dense in the east and sparse in the west", gradually diffusing from the central and eastern regions to the western regions over time, forming a regional collaborative development model centered on relatively developed cities;(2) The distribution of registered capital of the industry shows significant regional differences, with hotspots in the eastern region and widespread cold spots in the western region, exhibiting a clustering pattern of "hot in the east and cold in the west";(3) The spatial distribution of the industry is influenced by multiple factors, with the number of employed people in manufacturing and industrial waste as the main driving factors, and the GDP of prefecture-level cities, the proportion of the tertiary industry, labor force scale and technological innovation as the core interactive factors. Comparatively, formulating differentiated regional policies, optimizing the raw material supply system and strengthening the coordination of core elements are key paths to promote the rational layout and sustainable development of the biomass energy power generation industry.