Abstract: Common prosperity is the essential requirement of Chinese modernization, and it is the organic unity of prosperity and sharing. Digital government characterized by digitalization is an important way to promote common prosperity. This study selects rural residents’ income as an indicator to measure common prosperity, and explores the influence of digital government construction on common prosperity through the three distribution system. The results show that digital government construction has a significant promoting effect on common prosperity. By mechanism analysis, government-business relationship and tax system have partial mediating effect in digital government’s promotion of common prosperity, while public service has full mediating effect in digital government’s promotion of common prosperity. This paper provides empirical evidence on how digital government construction can promote common prosperity.