Abstract: China is facing the significant challenge of population aging. In the next few decades,China’s population will experience a short period of zero growth or slight negative growth, and then achieve recovery growth and enter a plateau stage. It is found that China is in the period of population policy adjustment, which needs to be dealt with by gradually delaying retirement policy and developing old human resources. The aging of the population in our country will continue to put pressure on the public service. It is necessary to improve the evaluation index system of population development to promote the balanced development of the population structure. Addressing the supply of “one old and one small” public services and achieving high-quality population and public service sharing require the establishment of a child-friendly society and the development of a diversified elderly care service system.